Greenplum Database v6.23 Documentation
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Managing Performance
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2023-02-06 00:20:50
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Concepts
About the Greenplum Architecture
About Management and Monitoring Utilities
About Concurrency Control in Greenplum Database
Example of Managing Transaction IDs
About Redundancy and Failover in Greenplum Database
About Parallel Data Loading
About Database Statistics in Greenplum Database
Best Practices
System Monitoring and Maintenance
Updating Statistics with ANALYZE
Monitoring Greenplum Database Log Files
Managing Bloat in a Database
Memory and Resource Management with Resource Queues
Loading Data
Encrypting Data and Database Connections
High Availability
Identifying and Mitigating Heap Table Performance Issues
Memory and Resource Management with Resource Groups
Schema Design
Best Practices Summary
Security
System Configuration
Tuning SQL Queries
System Administration
Configuring the Greenplum Database System
Configuration Parameter Categories
Setting Configuration Parameters
Setting a Local Configuration Parameter
Setting a Master Configuration Parameter
Setting Parameters at the Role Level
Setting Parameters in a Session
Setting Parameters at the System Level
Setting Parameters at the Database Level
Viewing Server Configuration Parameter Settings
About Greenplum Database Master and Local Parameters
About the Greenplum Database Release Version Number
Starting and Stopping Greenplum Database
Recommended Monitoring and Maintenance Tasks
Expanding a Greenplum System
Redistributing Tables
Initializing New Segments
System Expansion Overview
Post Expansion Tasks
Preparing and Adding Hosts
Planning Greenplum System Expansion
Routine System Maintenance Tasks
Accessing the Database
Supported Client Applications
Troubleshooting Connection Problems
Greenplum Database Client Applications
Using the PgBouncer Connection Pooler
Database Application Interfaces
Connecting with psql
Establishing a Database Session
Configuring Proxies for the Greenplum Interconnect
Migrating Data with gpcopy
Managing Database Access
Managing Roles and Privileges
Configuring Client Authentication
Using Kerberos Authentication
Configuring Kerberos For Windows Clients
Configuring Kerberos for Linux Clients
Using LDAP Authentication with TLS/SSL
Enabling Compression
Enabling High Availability and Data Consistency Features
Recovering a Failed Master
Restoring Master Mirroring After a Recovery
How Greenplum Database Detects a Failed Segment
Checking for Failed Segments
Understanding Segment Recovery
Overview of Greenplum Database High Availability
Overview of Segment Mirroring
Overview of Master Mirroring
Enabling Mirroring in Greenplum Database
Enabling Segment Mirroring
Enabling Master Mirroring
Recovering from Segment Failures
Backing Up and Restoring Databases
Monitoring a Greenplum System
Release Notes
Server Programmatic Interfaces
Greenplum Partner Connector API
DataDirect JDBC Driver
DataDirect ODBC Driver
Developing a Background Worker Process
Managing Performance
Greenplum Database Memory Overview
Defining Database Performance
Common Causes of Performance Issues
Managing Resources
Using Resource Queues
Using Resource Groups
Investigating a Performance Problem
Distribution and Skew
Securing Your System
Security Best Practices
Securing the Database
Greenplum Database Ports and Protocols
Configuring Database Authorization
Configuring Client Authentication
Auditing
Encrypting Data and Database Connections
Platform Requirements
Platform Requirements for On-Premise Hardware
Cloud Technical Recommendations
Version 6.23
Deploying to VMware vSphere
Architecture
Choosing Your Deployment Option
Option 2: Deploying Greenplum Using Your Own Template
Option 1: Deploying Greenplum Using a Pre-built OVA
Option 3: Deploying Mirrorless Greenplum Using Your Own Virtual Machine
Planning Downtime for Maintenance
Planning VMware vSphere with Greenplum
Managing Single Host Failures in vSphere
Creating the Jumpbox Virtual Machine
Validating the Greenplum Installation
Setting Up VMware vSphere Storage
Setting Up VMware vSphere Encryption
Overview
Validating VMware vSphere Setup Performance with HCI Bench
Prerequisites
Setting Up VMware vSphere Network
Setting Up VMware vSphere DRS and HA
Reference
System Catalogs
System Catalogs Definitions
gp_distribution_policy
pg_partition_rule
pg_stat_last_operation
pg_resqueue_attributes
pg_matviews
pg_attribute_encoding
pg_namespace
pg_largeobject
user_mapping_options
foreign_servers
pg_roles
gp_configuration_history
pg_stat_operations
gpexpand.expansion_progress
pg_database
pg_stat_replication
gp_resgroup_config
pg_stat_resqueues
pg_inherits
pg_opclass
pg_appendonly
pg_constraint
pg_pltemplate
gp_resqueue_status
gp_id
pg_type_encoding
pg_rules
gp_session_endpoints
pg_max_external_files
pg_user_mapping
pg_user_mappings
pg_tablespace
pg_attribute
pg_authid
gp_version_at_initdb
pg_db_role_setting
pg_cursors
pg_foreign_data_wrapper
pg_resqueue
pg_partition
pg_depend
pg_proc
pg_resgroup
pg_trigger
pg_resqueuecapability
pg_partition_templates
gp_segment_endpoints
gp_transaction_log
pg_resgroupcapability
pg_amproc
pg_amop
foreign_data_wrapper_options
pg_stat_all_tables
pg_description
foreign_data_wrappers
gp_distributed_xacts
gp_resgroup_status_per_host
pg_extension
gpexpand.status
pg_shdescription
gp_resgroup_status_per_segment
pg_conversion
pg_compression
user_mappings
pg_am
pg_opfamily
pg_shdepend
pg_foreign_table
pg_foreign_server
pg_type
gp_fastsequence
gp_endpoints
pg_auth_members
gp_stat_replication
pg_class
pg_operator
pg_resourcetype
pg_partition_columns
pg_locks
gp_distributed_log
pg_stat_last_shoperation
pg_index
foreign_table_options
pg_aggregate
gp_resgroup_status
gp_pgdatabase
pg_available_extensions
pg_attrdef
pg_stat_partition_operations
pg_partitions
pg_stat_all_indexes
gp_segment_configuration
pg_language
pg_cast
pg_available_extension_versions
pg_exttable
pg_rewrite
pg_enum
pg_partition_encoding
foreign_server_options
foreign_tables
gpexpand.status_detail
pg_stat_activity
pg_statistic
System Views
System Tables
Data Types
Range Types
Pseudo-Types
Text Search Data Types
Date/Time Types
Database Utilities
Utility Reference
clusterdb
pg_dumpall
reindexdb
pg_config
gprecoverseg
gpmt
gpmt packcore
gpmt storage_rca_collector
gpmt analyze_session
gpmt gpstatscheck
gpmt gp_log_collector
gpcheckperf
createdb
gpssh-exkeys
pgbouncer.ini
gpmapreduce
gpstop
gpinitstandby
gpactivatestandby
pgbouncer
gpssh
createuser
plcontainer Configuration File
gpreload
gpaddmirrors
pg_dump
gpconfig
gpcheckcat
pgbouncer-admin
vacuumdb
gpstart
gpexpand
gppkg
gpdeletesystem
psql
gpstate
gpmemwatcher
dropdb
gplogfilter
plcontainer
gpmemreport
gpload
gpmovemirrors
dropuser
gpinitsystem
pg_restore
gpss
analyzedb
gpfdist
gpmapreduce.yaml
gpcopy
gpscp
About the Greenplum Database Utilities
Additional Supplied Programs
pg_upgrade
pg_xlogdump
Character Set Support
SQL Features, Reserved and Key Words, and Compliance
Summary of Greenplum Features
SQL 2008 Optional Feature Compliance
Reserved Identifiers and SQL Key Words
Objects Deprecated in Greenplum 6
The gpperfmon Database
database_*
segment_*
memory_info
queries_*
socket_stats_*
dynamic_memory_info
log_alert_*
interface_stats_*
system_*
diskspace_*
Server Configuration Parameters
Parameter Categories
Configuration Parameters
Summary of Built-in Functions
SQL Commands
DROP PROTOCOL
CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
REVOKE
DROP OPERATOR FAMILY
ALTER CONVERSION
DROP SERVER
SHOW
REASSIGN OWNED
DO
COPY
DROP INDEX
ALTER SEQUENCE
SQL Syntax Summary
CREATE USER
ALTER EXTERNAL TABLE
ALTER GROUP
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
DROP TABLE
DELETE
CREATE ROLE
CREATE PROTOCOL
START TRANSACTION
ALTER RESOURCE QUEUE
GRANT
CREATE INDEX
CREATE LANGUAGE
DROP DOMAIN
DROP OPERATOR
CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE SCHEMA
ALTER OPERATOR
DROP AGGREGATE
END
DROP OWNED
DROP RESOURCE GROUP
CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER
SET CONSTRAINTS
ALTER USER MAPPING
DROP TABLESPACE
REINDEX
ALTER TABLESPACE
SET TRANSACTION
COMMIT
DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER
SELECT
DROP CAST
DROP TYPE
VALUES
DROP FOREIGN TABLE
ALTER AGGREGATE
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
SELECT INTO
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
DROP COLLATION
RETRIEVE
COMMENT
CREATE TABLESPACE
RESET
CREATE RESOURCE QUEUE
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE
CREATE USER MAPPING
CREATE VIEW
LOAD
DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE TYPE
ALTER VIEW
DROP CONVERSION
EXECUTE
ALTER LANGUAGE
DROP RESOURCE QUEUE
CREATE RESOURCE GROUP
DROP USER
ALTER TYPE
BEGIN
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
CREATE FUNCTION
PREPARE
DROP SEQUENCE
CREATE SERVER
TRUNCATE
ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP SCHEMA
ALTER DATABASE
DEALLOCATE
DROP RULE
SAVEPOINT
CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY
DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
DROP GROUP
CREATE AGGREGATE
FETCH
NOTIFY
DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW
INSERT
ROLLBACK
CLUSTER
DISCARD
EXPLAIN
SET
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE
ALTER COLLATION
CREATE OPERATOR
DROP LANGUAGE
ALTER FUNCTION
DROP DATABASE
ALTER RULE
CHECKPOINT
SET ROLE
CREATE CAST
CREATE DATABASE
ALTER SCHEMA
ALTER ROLE
DECLARE
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
VACUUM
ALTER PROTOCOL
UPDATE
CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
CREATE SEQUENCE
CLOSE
ABORT
ALTER INDEX
CREATE RULE
DROP EXTENSION
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
ALTER FOREIGN TABLE
ALTER TABLE
ALTER DOMAIN
DROP USER MAPPING
MOVE
LOCK
ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER
CREATE TABLE AS
ALTER RESOURCE GROUP
CREATE CONVERSION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
CREATE EXTENSION
ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER
LISTEN
CREATE COLLATION
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE
ANALYZE
ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW
ALTER USER
UNLISTEN
CREATE GROUP
ALTER SERVER
DROP ROLE
DROP FUNCTION
DROP EXTERNAL TABLE
ALTER EXTENSION
DROP VIEW
CREATE TABLE
The gp_toolkit Administrative Schema
Additional Supplied Modules
citext
timestamp9
gp_array_agg
gp_sparse_vector
hstore
orafce
btree_gin
pg_trgm
auto_explain
postgresql-hll
diskquota
gp_percentile_agg
pgcrypto
postgres_fdw
fuzzystrmatch
greenplum_fdw
sslinfo
ltree
gp_legacy_string_agg
advanced_password_check
gp_parallel_retrieve_cursor
uuid-ossp
dblink
ip4r
pageinspect
Installing and Upgrading
Verifying a Greenplum Database Software Download
Estimating Storage Capacity
Greenplum Environment Variables
Upgrading to Greenplum 6
PXF Upgrade and Migration
Migrating gphdfs External Tables to PXF
Migrating PXF from Greenplum 5.x to 6.x
Upgrading PXF When You Upgrade from a Previous Greenplum Database 6.x Version
Upgrading from an Earlier Greenplum 6 Release
Migrating Data from Greenplum 4.3 or 5 to Greenplum 6
Example Ansible Playbook
Installing Additional Supplied Modules
Configuring Timezone and Localization Settings
Installing the Greenplum Database Software
Configuring Your Systems
Creating the Data Storage Areas
Initializing a Greenplum Database System
Installing Optional Extensions
Procedural Language, Machine Learning, and Geospatial Extensions
Data Science Package for Python
R Data Science Library Package
Greenplum Platform Extension Framework (PXF)
Enabling iptables (Optional)
Validating Your Systems
Installation Management Utilities
Managing Data
Querying Data
Working with XML Data
Query Profiling
Using Full Text Search
Controlling Text Search
Limitations
Text Search Configuration Example
GiST and GIN Indexes for Text Search
psql Support
Text Search Parsers
About Full Text Search
Additional Text Search Features
Text Search Dictionaries
Searching Text in Database Tables
Testing and Debugging Text Search
About Greenplum Query Processing
Managing Spill Files Generated by Queries
Using Greenplum MapReduce
WITH Queries (Common Table Expressions)
Defining Queries
About GPORCA
Changed Behavior with GPORCA
GPORCA Limitations
Determining the Query Optimizer that is Used
GPORCA Features and Enhancements
Considerations when Using GPORCA
Activating and Deactivating GPORCA
Overview of GPORCA
Collecting Root Partition Statistics
About Uniform Multi-level Partitioned Tables
Working with JSON Data
Query Performance
Using Functions and Operators
Loading and Unloading Data
Transforming External Data with gpfdist and gpload
Formatting Data Files
Representing NULL Values
Escaping
Escaping in CSV Formatted Files
Escaping in Text Formatted Files
Formatting Rows
Character Encoding
Formatting Columns
Loading Data with gpload
Greenplum Client and Loader Tools Package
Installing the Client and Loader Tools Package
Running the Windows Tools Installer
Running the UNIX Tools Installer
About the Tools Package
Client and Loader Utility Reference
Configuring a Client System for Kerberos Authentication
Using the Client and Loader Tools
Configuring Greenplum Database for Remote Client Access
Example Custom Data Access Protocol
Installing the External Table Protocol
gpextprotocal.c
Accessing External Data with PXF
Optimizing Data Load and Query Performance
Loading Data with COPY
Unloading Data from Greenplum Database
Defining a Command-Based Writable External Web Table
Deactivating EXECUTE for Web or Writable External Tables
Unloading Data Using COPY
Unloading Data Using a Writable External Table
Defining a File-Based Writable External Table
Example 2—Hadoop file server (pxf)
Example 1—Greenplum file server (gpfdist)
Loading Data Using an External Table
Running COPY in Single Row Error Isolation Mode
Handling Load Errors
Moving Data between Tables
Capture Row Formatting Errors and Declare a Reject Limit
Define an External Table with Single Row Error Isolation
Viewing Bad Rows in the Error Log
Loading and Writing Non-HDFS Custom Data
Using a Custom Format
Examples: Read Fixed-Width Data
Importing and Exporting Fixed Width Data
Using a Custom Protocol
Defining Database Objects
Using Indexes in Greenplum Database
Choosing the Table Storage Model
Creating and Using Sequences
Partitioning Large Tables
Creating and Managing Databases
Creating and Managing Tables
Creating and Managing Views
Best Practices when Creating Views
About View Storage in Greenplum Database
Working with View Dependencies
Creating and Managing Tablespaces
Creating and Managing Schemas
Creating and Managing Materialized Views
Advanced Analytics
Greenplum Database R Client
Text Analytics and Search
Geospatial Analytics
Upgrading PostGIS 2.1.5 or 2.5.4
Machine Learning and Deep Learning using MADlib
Graph Analytics
Procedural Languages
PL/Container Language
Using PL/Container
PL/R Language
PL/Perl Language
PL/Python Language
PL/Java Language
PL/pgSQL Language
Working with External Data
Defining External Tables
pxf:// Protocol
Examples for Creating External Tables
Example 6—Multiple files in CSV format with header rows
Example 2—Multiple gpfdist instances
Example 5—TEXT Format on a Hadoop Distributed File Server
Example 7—Readable External Web Table with Script
Example 3—Multiple gpfdists instances
Example 4—Single gpfdist instance with error logging
Example 1—Single gpfdist instance on single-NIC machine
Example 10—Readable and Writable External Tables with XML Transformations
Example 9—Writable External Web Table with Script
Example 8—Writable External Table with gpfdist
s3:// Protocol
gpfdist:// Protocol
Using a Custom Protocol
Handling Errors in External Table Data
file:// Protocol
Creating and Using External Web Tables
gpfdists:// Protocol
Using the Greenplum Parallel File Server (gpfdist)
Accessing External Data with Foreign Tables
Writing a Foreign Data Wrapper
Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data
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