Column Manipulations

    Syntax:

    In the query, specify a list of one or more comma-separated actions.
    Each action is an operation on a column.

    The following actions are supported:

    • ADD COLUMN — Adds a new column to the table.
    • — Deletes the column.
    • RENAME COLUMN — Renames an existing column.
    • — Resets column values.
    • COMMENT COLUMN — Adds a text comment to the column.
    • — Changes column’s type, default expression and TTL.

    These actions are described in detail below.

    Adds a new column to the table with the specified name, type, codec and default_expr (see the section ).

    If the IF NOT EXISTS clause is included, the query won’t return an error if the column already exists. If you specify AFTER name_after (the name of another column), the column is added after the specified one in the list of table columns. If you want to add a column to the beginning of the table use the FIRST clause. Otherwise, the column is added to the end of the table. For a chain of actions, name_after can be the name of a column that is added in one of the previous actions.

    Adding a column just changes the table structure, without performing any actions with data. The data does not appear on the disk after ALTER. If the data is missing for a column when reading from the table, it is filled in with default values (by performing the default expression if there is one, or using zeros or empty strings). The column appears on the disk after merging data parts (see MergeTree).

    This approach allows us to complete the ALTER query instantly, without increasing the volume of old data.

    Example:

    1. ALTER TABLE alter_test ADD COLUMN Added1 UInt32 FIRST;
    2. ALTER TABLE alter_test ADD COLUMN Added2 UInt32 AFTER NestedColumn;
    3. ALTER TABLE alter_test ADD COLUMN Added3 UInt32 AFTER ToDrop;
    4. DESC alter_test FORMAT TSV;
    1. Added1  UInt32
    2. CounterID       UInt32
    3. StartDate       Date
    4. UserID  UInt32
    5. VisitID UInt32
    6. NestedColumn.A  Array(UInt8)
    7. NestedColumn.S  Array(String)
    8. Added2  UInt32
    9. ToDrop  UInt32

    DROP COLUMN

    1. DROP COLUMN [IF EXISTS] name

    Deletes the column with the name name. If the IF EXISTS clause is specified, the query won’t return an error if the column does not exist.

    Deletes data from the file system. Since this deletes entire files, the query is completed almost instantly.

    Warning

    You can’t delete a column if it is referenced by materialized view. Otherwise, it returns an error.

    Example:

    1. RENAME COLUMN [IF EXISTS] name to new_name

    Renames the column name to new_name. If the IF EXISTS clause is specified, the query won’t return an error if the column does not exist. Since renaming does not involve the underlying data, the query is completed almost instantly.

    Example:

    1. ALTER TABLE visits RENAME COLUMN webBrowser TO browser

    CLEAR COLUMN

    1. CLEAR COLUMN [IF EXISTS] name IN PARTITION partition_name

    Resets all data in a column for a specified partition. Read more about setting the partition name in the section How to specify the partition expression.

    If the IF EXISTS clause is specified, the query won’t return an error if the column does not exist.

    Example:

    1. ALTER TABLE visits CLEAR COLUMN browser IN PARTITION tuple()

    Adds a comment to the column. If the IF EXISTS clause is specified, the query won’t return an error if the column does not exist.

    Each column can have one comment. If a comment already exists for the column, a new comment overwrites the previous comment.

    Comments are stored in the comment_expression column returned by the query.

    Example:

    1. ALTER TABLE visits COMMENT COLUMN browser 'The table shows the browser used for accessing the site.'

    MODIFY COLUMN

    1. MODIFY COLUMN [IF EXISTS] name [type] [default_expr] [codec] [TTL] [AFTER name_after | FIRST]

    This query changes the name column properties:

    • Type

    • Default expression

    • Compression Codec

    • TTL

    For examples of columns compression CODECS modifying, see .

    For examples of columns TTL modifying, see Column TTL.

    The query also can change the order of the columns using FIRST | AFTER clause, see description.

    When changing the type, values are converted as if the toType functions were applied to them. If only the default expression is changed, the query does not do anything complex, and is completed almost instantly.

    Example:

    1. ALTER TABLE visits MODIFY COLUMN browser Array(String)

    Changing the column type is the only complex action – it changes the contents of files with data. For large tables, this may take a long time.

    The ALTER query is atomic. For MergeTree tables it is also lock-free.

    The query for changing columns is replicated. The instructions are saved in ZooKeeper, then each replica applies them. All ALTER queries are run in the same order. The query waits for the appropriate actions to be completed on the other replicas. However, a query to change columns in a replicated table can be interrupted, and all actions will be performed asynchronously.

    Removes one of the column properties: DEFAULT, ALIAS, MATERIALIZED, CODEC, COMMENT, TTL.

    Syntax:

    1. ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_name REMOVE property;

    Example

    Remove TTL:

    See Also

    • .

    Limitations

    The ALTER query lets you create and delete separate elements (columns) in nested data structures, but not whole nested data structures. To add a nested data structure, you can add columns with a name like name.nested_name and the type Array(T). A nested data structure is equivalent to multiple array columns with a name that has the same prefix before the dot.

    There is no support for deleting columns in the primary key or the sampling key (columns that are used in the ENGINE expression). Changing the type for columns that are included in the primary key is only possible if this change does not cause the data to be modified (for example, you are allowed to add values to an Enum or to change a type from DateTime to UInt32).

    If the ALTER query is not sufficient to make the table changes you need, you can create a new table, copy the data to it using the query, then switch the tables using the RENAME query and delete the old table. You can use the as an alternative to the INSERT SELECT query.

    The ALTER query blocks all reads and writes for the table. In other words, if a long SELECT is running at the time of the ALTER query, the ALTER query will wait for it to complete. At the same time, all new queries to the same table will wait while this ALTER is running.