In the example

the inferred return type for ‘f’ and ‘g’ is Any because the functions reference themselves through a cycle with no return type annotations. Adding an explicit return type ‘number’ to either breaks the cycle and causes the return type ‘number’ to be inferred for the other.

The type of ‘this’ in a function implementation is the Any type.

In the signature of a function implementation, a parameter can be marked optional by following it with an initializer. When a parameter declaration includes both a type annotation and an initializer, the initializer expression is contextually typed (section ) by the stated type and must be assignable to the stated type, or otherwise a compile-time error occurs. When a parameter declaration has no type annotation but includes an initializer, the type of the parameter is the widened form (section 3.12) of the type of the initializer expression.

When the output target is ECMAScript 3 or 5, for each parameter with an initializer, a statement that substitutes the default value for an omitted argument is included in the generated JavaScript, as described in section . The example

generates JavaScript that is equivalent to

the local variable ‘x’ is in scope in the parameter initializer (thus hiding the outer ‘x’), but it is an error to reference it because it will always be uninitialized at the time the parameter initializer is evaluated.