辨析联合类型

做为一个例子，考虑 和 Rectangle 的联合类型 Shape。Square 和 Rectangle有共同成员 kind，因此 kind 存在于 Shape 中。

如果你使用类型保护风格的检查（==、===、!=、!==）或者使用具有判断性的属性（在这里是 kind），TypeScript 将会认为你会使用的对象类型一定是拥有特殊字面量的，并且它会为你自动把类型范围变小：

function area(s: Shape) {
  if (s.kind === 'square') {
    // 现在 TypeScript 知道 s 的类型是 Square
    // 所以你现在能安全使用它
    return s.size * s.size;
  } else {
    // 不是一个 square ？因此 TypeScript 将会推算出 s 一定是 Rectangle
    return s.width * s.height;
  }
}

通常，联合类型的成员有一些自己的行为（代码）：

interface Square {
  kind: 'square';
  size: number;
}
interface Rectangle {
  kind: 'rectangle';
  width: number;
  height: number;
}
// 有人仅仅是添加了 `Circle` 类型
// 我们可能希望 TypeScript 能在任何被需要的地方抛出错误
interface Circle {
  kind: 'circle';
  radius: number;
}
type Shape = Square | Rectangle | Circle;

你可以通过一个简单的向下思想，来确保块中的类型被推断为与 never 类型兼容的类型。例如，你可以添加一个更详细的检查来捕获错误：

function area(s: Shape) {
    return s.size * s.size;
  } else if (s.kind === 'rectangle') {
    return s.width * s.height;
  } else {
    const _exhaustiveCheck: never = s;
  }
}

它将强制你添加一种新的条件：

function area(s: Shape) {
  if (s.kind === 'square') {
    return s.size * s.size;
  } else if (s.kind === 'rectangle') {
    return s.width * s.height;
  } else if (s.kind === 'circle') {
    return Math.PI * s.radius ** 2;
  } else {
    // ok
    const _exhaustiveCheck: never = s;
  }
}

TIP

如果你使用 strictNullChecks 选项来做详细的检查，你应该返回 _exhaustiveCheck 变量（类型是 never），否则 TypeScript 可能会推断返回值为 undefined：

function area(s: Shape) {
  switch (s.kind) {
    case 'square':
      return s.size * s.size;
    case 'rectangle':
      return s.width * s.height;
    case 'circle':
      return Math.PI * s.radius ** 2;
    default:
      const _exhaustiveCheck: never = s;
      return _exhaustiveCheck;
  }
}

Redux 库正是使用的上述例子。

以下是添加了 TypeScript 类型注解的redux 要点。

import { createStore } from 'redux';
type Action =
  | {
      type: 'INCREMENT';
  | {
      type: 'DECREMENT';
    };
/**
 * It describes how an action transforms the state into the next state.
 *
 * The shape of the state is up to you: it can be a primitive, an array, an object,
 * or even an Immutable.js data structure. The only important part is that you should
 * not mutate the state object, but return a new object if the state changes.
 *
 * In this example, we use a `switch` statement and strings, but you can use a helper that
 * follows a different convention (such as function maps) if it makes sense for your
 * project.
 */
function counter(state = 0, action: Action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case 'INCREMENT':
      return state + 1;
    case 'DECREMENT':
      return state - 1;
    default:
      return state;
  }
}
// Create a Redux store holding the state of your app.
// Its API is { subscribe, dispatch, getState }.
let store = createStore(counter);
// You can use subscribe() to update the UI in response to state changes.
// Normally you'd use a view binding library (e.g. React Redux) rather than subscribe() directly.
// However it can also be handy to persist the current state in the localStorage.
store.subscribe(() => console.log(store.getState()));
// The only way to mutate the internal state is to dispatch an action.
// The actions can be serialized, logged or stored and later replayed.
store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
// 1
store.dispatch({ type: 'INCREMENT' });
// 2
// 1